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There are two reasons for the TIME_WAIT state:

1. To implement TCP's full-duplex connection termination reliably.

2. To allow old duplicate segments to expire in the network.

既然发生错误时终止程序的运行是普遍的情况,我们可以定义包裹函数(wrapper function)来简化我们的程序。包裹函数调用实际函数,检查返回值,并在发生错误时终止进程。

int

Socket(int family, int type, int protocol)

{

int n;

if ( (n = socket(family, type, protocol)) < 0)

err_sys("socket error");

return(n);

}

even though addr is a char*, you actually want to pass in a pointer to a struct in_addr.

If we refer to a service by its name in our code, instead of by its port number, and if the mapping from the name to port number is contained in a file (normally /etc/services), then if the port number changes, all we need to modify is one line in the /etc/services file instead of having to recompile the applications. The next function, getservbyname, looks up a service given its name.

如果有多个客户连接同时到达，系统内核在最大数目的限制下把它们排入队列，然后每次返回一个给accept函数

网际协议簇，在TCP与UDP之间留有一个间隙，指出应用程序可以绕过传输层而直接使用IPv4或Ipv6，称为raw socket

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